2 | Music In The Post-Classical World

The Roman Catholic Church

Peter Kun Frary

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Western music history begins with the Roman Catholic Church. Why? The earliest notated European music and music theory texts come from the Church. Music was an integral part of the liturgy and, thus, received significant attention from scholars and Church leadership. Secular music existed but was not notated or seriously discussed in historical records until the latter Middle Ages.

The Christ Pantocrator | Mosaic Interior Dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, c. 400 CE | Wikimedia Commons

Christ Pantocrator

Development of Church Liturgy

Early Christianity was rooted in Judaism. The first Christians were Jews and they brought many rites of worship from the Synagogue. Indeed, early Christianity was initially propagated by Jews within Israel before spreading to Asia Minor, North Africa, Europe, Persia, India and China. Common elements of Christian liturgy such as Holy Scripture, belief in one God (monotheism), singing of Psalms and hymns, prayers and tithe, etc., were adopted from the Synagogue. Thus, some early Christian hymns were variants of Hebrew songs.

Early Christian Churches | ©Peter Kun Frary

Peter's Early Christian Churches

Ecclesiastical Uniformity

The Catholic Church's emphasis on ecclesiastical uniformity was the driving force behind music notation development. The alignment of churches across a far-flung empire was essential to maintaining the centralized authority of the Church. Thus, regional chant styles and liturgy gradually faded away. The notation of music, aside from educational and historical benefits, aided in maintaining a common liturgy across thousands of miles.

Cathédrale Notre Dame de Paris | Construction began in 1163 and took over 180 years, with completion in 1345. | Photo, ©Peter Kun Frary

Music Notation

The creation of music notation was a momentous development in medieval music. Undeniably, if it were not for music notation, we would have no idea what music sounded like until the advent of audio recording in the 20th century.

Guido of Arezzo | Pitch

Guido of Arezzo (c. 991-1033) was an Italian music theorist and Benedictine monk. While living at Arezzo, Guido developed new techniques for teaching singing, most significantly, the Guidonian hand, staff notation and solfège (do–re–mi–fa–so–la-ti). These developments are described in his text, Micrologus (c.1025). Although Guido's musical staff was a revolutionary method of indicating musical pitch, it lacked the ability to accurately indicate rhythm or note durations.

Guidonian Hand

Guido developed a system of teaching singing and music reading by using hand signals, a technique known as the Guidonian hand. Each portion of the hand represents a specific note. For example, when Guido pointed at the base of his thumb, and his students responded by singing the pitch for mi. Variations on the Guidonian hand technique and solfège are in widespread use today, albeit not as common in the United States as other parts of the world.

Guidonian Hand | Mantua manuscript, c. 1500 CE | Oxford University MS Canon. Liturg. 216. f.168 brecto (Bodleian Library) | Wikimedia Commons

Gloria

Franco of Cologne | Pitch and Duration

The next significant stage of music notation development appeared over a century later. Cleric and music theorist Franco of Cologne (c. 1250) developed Franconian notation. His tome, Ars cantus mensurabilis, is an important guide to medieval sacred music practice and a primer on Franconian notation. Franconian notation was the first system to symbolize both pitch and duration. Prior systems were mnemonic or indicated pitch only. Music notation was refined over the next century and came to be known as mensural notation (measured notation). Mensural notation was widely used in Europe until about 1600.

Early music notation | A Gloria written in mensural notation. | Missa Barcelona, Ars nova, c. 1300-1400 CE. | Biblioteca de Catalunya

Gloria

Vocabulary

Franco of Cologne, Guido of Arezzo, solfège, Guidonian hand, Franconian notation, mensural notation

Preface	Elements	Middle Ages	Renaissance
Baroque	Classical	19th Century	20th Century